The First World Expo 1851 In London

"Time, place, and people" have promoted the first World Expo.

In the first half of the nineteenth Century, the European Industrial Revolution was in full swing, and the rapid development of science and technology had made great changes in human life.

In England, Britain was the leader in world industry since Queen Victoria's accession.

At the same time, the high-speed accumulation and operation of capital also made the United Kingdom at that time.

Previously, European countries held an industrial exposition. This is not new. Especially in the United Kingdom and France, many influential industrial products fairs were held under the impetus of the industrial revolution, so as to promote their industrial production technology and Xuan Chuanxin products.

In 1761, the United Kingdom first held only two weeks but very successful industrial exhibition. From 1828 to 1845, the United Kingdom organized several attempts at similar exhibitions in China. In 1849, the first time in the United Kingdom, Bermingham designed and built temporary venues for the exhibition.

Frequently held

Founded in 1754, the Royal Society of art has always undertaken the work of the national exhibition. Prince Albert, who is chairman of the Royal Art Association, has an open mind and innovative spirit different from traditional ideas.

Under his organization, the industrial exposition was successfully held in 1847 and 1848.

In 1849, when the art society began to plan for a larger exposition, Albert put forward the idea that "the exposition must be international and exhibits must be attended by foreign products", so that we could find the best exhibition venue in Hyde Park, London to hold a large-scale world exposition.

Albert believes that the creation of art and industry is not the exclusive property and rights of a country, but the common property of the whole world.

"Heaven, earth, and man" prompted the birth of the first World Expo in Britain.

Rule the queen, invite guests.

In June 30, 1849, a historic conference was held in Buckingham Palace, with royal art.

Members of the association, members of the National Fair Organizing Committee, members of the construction company and Prince Albert.

At the meeting, we discussed the idea of hosting World Expo and made 7 important decisions on how to organize World Expo. These decisions have established a basic framework for World Expo.

Conference decision

A special temporary building will be built as the exhibition hall in World Expo; the venue will be selected on the south side of Hyde Park; the Expo will be international, and the exhibition will be invited by the state; the organizing committee will provide a large number of bonuses to encourage exhibitors; a royal committee will be set up to host World Expo; World Expo's fundraising will be held by the Artists Guild.

In the future, these decisions were implemented one by one, but the medal was replaced by the medal in the selection of awards.

After the meeting, the Organizing Committee immediately drafted and submitted to the government an application for the establishment of the Royal Commission of World Expo.

The members of the Organizing Committee visited 65 towns in England, Scotland and Ireland, and tried to understand the idea of World Expo's participation in the exhibition by famous manufacturers. The organizing committee also lobbied in some European countries, including France, to participate in the exhibition.

In October 17, 1849, the Organizing Committee held a large-scale public meeting. Henry Kerr, executive director of World Expo, as the authorized spokesperson of the prince, described the whole plan of World Expo to the most influential businessmen and bankers in London.

The Art Association's project financing has made progress through various twists and turns. Fuller has successfully found two speculative traders, Moss James and George Moody, who are willing to provide start-up funds in exchange for 5% interest plus profits.

The deposit of 250 thousand pounds has solved the financial problem.

Soon, the two houses of parliament also agreed to hold an exposition in Hyde Park with a majority of votes.

In January 3, 1850, the Royal Committee of World Expo was founded.

Subsequently, Queen Victoria sent World Expo invitations to the rest of the world in the name of the state.

A plan saved the first World Expo.

The preparatory work of World Expo seemed quite smooth. However, the difficulties we had never thought of follow.

First, the time is tense. After all, only one and a half years from the opening of the planned World Expo, the concrete work has not been started yet. Two, it is the difficulty of raising funds, and there is still a big gap in the operation capital. Three, some people in the community oppose organizing World Expo, and even the famous times is also involved in the protest.

There are still a lot of objections to the use of Hyde Park, because the construction of pavilions will destroy the woods and environment.

However, the biggest trouble is the design and construction of the World Expo Pavilion.

At the end of 1849, the World Expo Construction Committee immediately sent an invitation to the exhibition hall to all countries.

Although the scheme was only collected for three weeks, the committee still received 245 programmes, of which 38 came from abroad.

The committee selected 68 honorary awards, but there was no winner.

Because all schemes are classical and permanent architectural forms.

The Committee integrated the highlights of the plans into an official design plan, which led to public criticism.

This shit is a "terrible bastard". It is a traditional pavilion with bricks and stones on top and a metal dome. It only means that a permanent building will be built in the beautiful Hyde Park.

No matter who knows, even if we adopt this plan, there is no time to complete such a huge building.

Even the 15 million bricks and stones needed for building cannot be made.

Strong opposition not only caused Albert and others into trouble, but also led to the risk of abortion in World Expo.

A few months passed quickly, and when the Royal Committee was at a loss, a casual plan not only saved World Expo successfully, but also became a milestone in the history of mankind, and even the works of buildings became the most successful exhibits of World Expo in the first time.

This is gardening Borjosef Paxton and his creations "Crystal Palace".

Unexpected discovery of water lily as "Crystal Palace"

In 1837, a British explorer discovered the beautiful lotus in Guyana. He collected seeds and brought it back to England. He handed the seeds to Joseph Paxton, chief gardener of chestnut estate.

Paxton put it in a bathtub filled with warm water and designed a sports wheel to circulate the water to imitate the original ecological environment.

Soon the plants began to germinate. Three months later, Wang Lianchang produced 11 huge leaves and beautiful flowers.

Paxton named Vitoria lotus Victoria amazonica Sowerby (Royal Water Lily, Amazon Water-platter) and gave it to Queen Victoria as a gift.

Since then, he met Prince Albert and became a close friend.

Wang Lian is getting bigger and bigger.

One day he held his 7 year old daughter on one of the leaves to look at the flowers. The green leaves on the water easily carried her weight.

Paxton opened the leaves to observe the back, and saw that the strong diameter was crisscross and interlaced, forming an integral whole bearing both beautiful and heavy bearing capacity.

This discovery suddenly gave him inspiration, and a new idea of architecture was formed in the brain.

Soon after he built the greenhouse for Prince lotus, he built a new greenhouse with iron fence and wooden arch and glass as the wall.

He found that in addition to the simple and bright functions of buildings, building components can be pre fabricated, and different components can be assembled and assembled according to the size of buildings, so the construction cost is low and the construction is quick.

This unique structure has also won praise from the construction and engineering sectors.

Paxton has heard about the construction of exhibition venues in Hyde Park, and also witnessed the storm of the collection scheme.

He immediately volunteered to offer his architectural plan.

He wrote to the art society to request a statement on his design, and the art society agreed to his request.

But the condition is that the plan must be completed within two weeks with detailed instructions.

In addition, the building structure can accommodate ten thousand people at the same time, and can display many exhibits from all over the world. The building itself is a temporary building and must be demolished after the exposition.

Paxton accepted the design conditions and announced that he would complete the plan within nine days.

Several days later, Paxton's home was designed night and day, and he painted the basic form of architecture in the form of elevation and profile.

In June 20th, Paxton took his blueprints to London.

In June 22nd, when the London pictorial newspaper again published details of the official design plan, the architectural committee also met with Paxton's plan and promptly recommended it to the organizing committee, while soliciting public opinions.

At the moment, the public opinion was biased towards the novelty, elegance, and temporary architectural design.

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In July 15th, the building committee accepted the offer of 79800 pounds from Paxton's building. However, the Building Committee requested that the height of the building should be increased on the basis of the original building so that some trees could be protected under the roof.

When Paxton measured the height of the trees, he added a barrel shaped dome in the design.

Paxton's design plan was finally finalized under the public's attention. The reporter Douglas Jerrold called it "Crystal Palace" in the newspaper, and this name has been circulating so far.

In September 26, 1850, Crystal Palace laid the foundation stone.

It was completed in less than 6 months.

In the 1852 report on the building built in Hyde Park in 1851 for the world industrial exposition, the author Charles Downs wrote: this great building is made of steel, glass and wood.

The heaviest cast iron is a beam frame, 24 feet long, no larger material than one ton; forged steel is round, flat steel bars, angle steel, nuts, screws, rivets and a large number of iron sheets.

Wood is used for some beams or trusses, main flume and Paxton trough, top beam bone, window lock and crossbeam, floor corridor floor, signboard and exterior wall; glass is flat or cylindrical, 10 x 49 feet square, weighing 16 ounces per square foot.

3300 hollow steel columns are also used as drainage pipes for flat roofs. In order to solve the problem of steam condensation on the glass, Paxton designed a dedicated flume, a 34 mile long patented flume, and specially designed and manufactured machine production.

Windows, rails and so on are also painted with the invented machine.

The brothers in Bermingham produced 300 thousand pieces of glass, the largest size at that time. They designed and built a mobile machine to install glass, so that workers could quickly install the glass structure on the open structure.

The whole building is the crystallization of modern large-scale industrial production technology.

Interior of Crystal Palace exhibition hall

Expo to create history

While the Crystal Palace was being built, the work of the Organizing Committee in selecting and collecting various exhibits was accelerating.

The Expo has 18000 participants and more than 100 thousand exhibits.

In the selection of specific exhibits, the original classification criteria produced many problems in the actual operation, which was not solved until he used his 30 definition to clarify the classification of exhibits.

Then, each category exhibits an expert committee to supervise the selection of exhibits.

The selection committee of the organizing committee also set up a special selection committee for the selection of exhibits. After all, it was the first attempt in the world because of the selection of different countries and exhibits. The selection committee adopted the selection criteria of the French Industrial Exhibition and the exhibition experience held by the art association to confirm the selection criteria.

Whether the exhibits conform to new and important inventions, the creativity of producers (authors) and the excellent degree of artistic design are the basis for selection.

But in the actual selection operation, many judges still encounter many unknown areas and feel puzzled. The exhibits are numerous and the time is tight. The selection has also become one of the most arduous tasks in the exhibition.

Finally, the selection committee awarded 5084 awards, of which 3045 were foreigners.

At 9 a.m. on May 1, 1851, the Crystal Palace opened for guests to attend the opening ceremony.

More than 500 thousand people gathered around Hyde Park.

At 11:30, 9 Royal carriages lined up to leave Buckingham Palace for Hyde Park to attend the opening ceremony of World Expo. The bell rang at 12 o'clock. In the voice of Hallelujah, the royal family and their entourage entered the exhibition palace.

At the opening ceremony, Queen Victoria was as excited and excited as every guest. Queen Victoria recalled in his diary of that evening: "...

When we started, the sky drizzled gently. Before we got to Crystal Palace, the sun came out, the sun shone on the magnificent building, and the flag of every country was flying in the sun.

We drove on Rodong road and walked out of the carriage at the entrance.

When we entered the building, through the iron gate, we saw the shaking palm trees and flowers. Countless crowds in the corridors and chairs around them and the waving trumpets made me feel that I would never forget the shock and moved me.

We went to the middle and saw the steps and chairs, and the beautiful crystal fountain was in front of us. It was amazing - how big, how glorious and how touching it was.

One person will love all this.

Cheers, smiles on every face, magnificent buildings, palm trees, flowers, trees, statues, fountains, musical instruments, my dear husband, the creator of this "peaceful Festival", united the industries of all the countries on the earth - really moving and forever worth remembrance.

The Crystal Palace is decorated with colorful flags from all over the world, and people are streaming around. All kinds of handicrafts and art sculptures are filled with eyes and eyes.

People are surprised to see different inventions, exotic products and different products from different countries.

Visitors are most interested in different machine inventions.

People were gaping at all kinds of machines, such as slotting machines, drilling machines, wire drawing machines, spinning machines, minting machines, pumping machines and so on. These different machines were driven together by steam generated by specially built boiler rooms, which made people understand the changes brought by the industrial revolution to the world.

Many Europeans were surprised by the strength shown by the United States at the fair. 5048 former entrepreneurs in the British territory carried more than 500 products across the sea in World Expo, and farm equipment such as Mccormick harvesters received much acclaim.

In a letter addressed to Engels before the end of the Expo (October 13th), Marx mentioned the success of the Americans: "the British admit that Americans won the prize in the industrial exhibition, and they surpassed them in all respects.

One, gum, new materials and new production; two, weapons, there are continuous pistols; three, machinery, lawn mower, seeding machine and sewing machine; four, silver plate photography for the first time in large numbers; five, the speedboat in the sea.

Finally, in order to show that the Americans can also afford luxuries, special gold pieces and pure gold tableware are displayed on California gold mine.

Of course, Crystal Palace is the most admired.

People praise this pparent, magnificent building, which is a great honor and pride for the Englishmen to create the world architectural wonder.

Crystal Palace, which was originally a showcase for the exhibits in World Expo, has become the first successful works and exhibits in World Expo.

Crystal Palace becomes the symbol of World Expo.

The success of World Expo has been achieved by the Crystal Palace. The success of World Expo is the first gathering of many countries in the world. It has set a precedent for the exchange of different cultures and technological achievements for a peaceful purpose.

In 1851, a total of 6039195 people visited the first World Expo.

The closing ceremony was held in World Expo, London, in October 14th of the same year.

After the successful conclusion of World Expo, the organizers announced that the Expo was worth 186437 pounds.

After discussions by the Royal organizing committee, the decision to award Paxton 5000 pounds is divided into two parts: first, museums are set up to educate the public, and 87 acres of science and art centers are purchased in South Kensington.

Today, there are second museums in Vitoria, the Albert Museum, the science and geology museum, the Imperial College of science and technology, the Royal Academy of art and music, and the British Museum of natural history founded after the 1862 World Exposition.

After the end of the World Expo, Crystal Palace moved to West Ham in the southern part of London and rebuilt on a larger scale. It was opened to the public by Queen Victoria in June 10, 1854. It existed as a recreational center in London for 82 years. At 6 pm on November 30, 1936, it suddenly caught fire in the staff toilets of the central hall. It soon burned down the whole building. In the second morning, nothing remained except a bunch of twisted metal and molten glass. The burning of Crystal Palace also declared the end of the glorious Vitoria era.