Classification Principle Of Financial Assets

In real financial markets, there are no such statements as paction financial assets and available for sale financial assets. Why is there such a classification in accounting? Actually, in recent years, China's financial instruments pactions, especially derivatives pactions, have developed rapidly, so as to facilitate investors to better understand the financial situation and operating results of enterprises, such as the field reflects the financial instruments pactions of enterprises, which makes urgent demands for the formulation of relevant accounting standards. Therefore, accounting standards for Enterprises No. twenty-second - Financial Instruments Recognition and measurement conform to it.

The financial assets in accounting are divided into four categories:

(1) financial assets measured in fair value and whose changes are included in current profits and losses are divided into: trading financial assets, and directly designated as fair.

(2) holding to maturity investment;

(3) loans and

(4) available for sale financial assets.

They do not exist in real financial markets. How do we classify specific financial assets into accounting categories?

Here is an important principle: it should be combined with the situation of enterprises, management requirements and investment strategies, but generally speaking, the division of these four categories should reflect the intention of managers and make different classifications of financial assets according to the intention of managers.

If a manager holds the purpose of selling financial assets for short-term sales, he should be divided into financial assets measured in fair value and whose changes are included in the profits and losses of the current period. If the intention of the manager is sold for 3 years, he should be classified as holding to maturity investment. If the manager's intention is not very clear (i.e. neither short-term sale nor maturity maturity), it can be divided into available for sale financial assets.

Therefore, we can not think that a financial asset must be a pactional financial asset or a financial asset to be sold.

Accounting treatment of different types of financial assets:

(1) initial measurement:

Measured by fair value and its value

(2) follow-up measurement:

(1) financial assets measured in fair value and whose changes are included in the profits and losses of the current period shall be measured in accordance with the fair value and without deducting the paction costs that may occur in the future disposition of the financial assets;

(2) investment in holding up to maturity shall be measured by the real interest rate method and measured according to the amortized cost.

3. Loans and receivables should be measured according to the actual interest rate method and amortized cost.

(4) the sale of financial assets shall be measured at fair value and without deducting the paction costs that may occur in the future disposition of the financial assets.

Of course, we must be cautious when categorization, because once we have categorized categories, we must not change them arbitrarily.

The rules are mainly aimed at preventing enterprises from adjusting their profits, because the same financial assets are divided into different categories, and their effects on the profits and losses of enterprises are different. For example, the fair value changes of paction financial assets and paction costs are included in the current profits and losses, and the fair value changes of the sold financial assets are included in the owners' equity, paction costs are included in the cost, and the holding to maturity investments are measured by the amortization cost, and paction costs are also included in the cost.

When a financial asset is divided into financial assets measured by fair value and whose changes are included in the profits and losses of the current period, it can no longer be reclassified with other types of financial assets. The three types of financial assets, such as holding, maturity investments, loans and receivables, and available for sale financial assets, shall not be reclassified at will.