Terms Of International Trade
International Trade and foreign trade
I. international trade (International Trade)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易亦稱“世界貿(mào)易”,泛指國(guó)際間的商品和勞務(wù)(或貨物、知識(shí)和服務(wù))的交換。它由各國(guó)(地區(qū))的對(duì)外貿(mào)易構(gòu)成,是世界各國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的總和。國(guó)際貿(mào)易在奴隸社會(huì)和封建社會(huì)就已發(fā)生,并隨生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展而逐漸擴(kuò)大。到資本主義社會(huì),其規(guī)模空前擴(kuò)大,具有世界性。
Two. Foreign trade (Foreign Trade)
對(duì)外貿(mào)易亦稱“國(guó)外貿(mào)易”或“ 進(jìn)出口 貿(mào)易”,是指一個(gè)國(guó)家(地區(qū))與另一個(gè)國(guó)家(地區(qū))之間的商品和勞務(wù)的交換。這種貿(mào)易由進(jìn)口和出口兩個(gè)部分組成。對(duì)運(yùn)進(jìn)商品或勞務(wù)的國(guó)家(地區(qū))來說,就是進(jìn)口;對(duì)運(yùn)出商品或勞務(wù)的國(guó)家(地區(qū))來說,就是出口。這在奴隸社會(huì)和封建社會(huì)就開始產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展,到資本主義社會(huì),發(fā)展更加迅速。其性質(zhì)和作用由不同的社會(huì) 制度 所 決定 。
Value of foreign trade and foreign trade volume
(1) foreign trade value (Value of Foreign Trade)
對(duì)外貿(mào)易值是以貨幣表示的貿(mào)易金額。一定時(shí)期內(nèi)一國(guó)從國(guó)外進(jìn)口的商品的全部?jī)r(jià)值,稱為進(jìn)口貿(mào)易總額或進(jìn)口總額;一定時(shí)期內(nèi)一國(guó)向國(guó)外出口的商品的全部?jī)r(jià)值,稱為出口貿(mào)易總額或出口總額。兩者相加為 進(jìn)出口 貿(mào)易總額或 進(jìn)出口 總額,是反映一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)外貿(mào)易規(guī)模的重要指標(biāo)。一般用本國(guó)貨幣表示,也有用國(guó)際上習(xí)慣使用的貨幣表示。聯(lián)合國(guó)編制和發(fā)表的世界各國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易值的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料,是以美元表示的。
把世界上所有國(guó)家的進(jìn)口總額或出口總額用同一種貨幣換算后加在一起,即得世界進(jìn)口總額或世界出口總額。就國(guó)際貿(mào)易來看,一國(guó)的出口就是另一國(guó)的進(jìn)口,如果把各國(guó)進(jìn)出口值相加作為國(guó)際貿(mào)易總值就是重復(fù)計(jì)算。因此,一般是把各國(guó)進(jìn)出口值相加,作為國(guó)際貿(mào)易值。由于各國(guó)一般都是按離岸價(jià)格( FOB 即啟運(yùn)港船上交貨價(jià),只計(jì)成本,不包括運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi))計(jì)算出口額,按到岸價(jià)格( CIF 即成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi))計(jì)算進(jìn)口額。因此世界出口總額略小于世界進(jìn)口總額。
(two) foreign trade volume (Quantum of Foreign Trade)
以貨幣所表示的對(duì)外貿(mào)易值經(jīng)常受到價(jià)格變動(dòng)的影響,因而不能準(zhǔn)確地反映一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的實(shí)際規(guī)模,更不能使不同時(shí)期的對(duì)外貿(mào)易值直接比較。為了反映進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易的實(shí)際規(guī)模,通常以貿(mào)易指數(shù)表示,其 辦法 是按一定期的不變價(jià)格為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來計(jì)算各個(gè)時(shí)期的貿(mào)易值,用進(jìn)出口價(jià)格指數(shù)除進(jìn)出口值,得出按不變價(jià)格計(jì)算的貿(mào)易值,便剔除了價(jià)格變動(dòng)因素,就是貿(mào)易量。然后,以一定時(shí)期為基期的貿(mào)易量指數(shù)同各個(gè)時(shí)期的貿(mào)易量指數(shù)相比較,就可以得出比較準(zhǔn)確反映貿(mào)易實(shí)際規(guī)模變動(dòng)的貿(mào)易量指數(shù)。
General trade and specialized trade
(1) total trade (General Trade)
總貿(mào)易是“專門貿(mào)易”的對(duì)稱,是指以國(guó)境為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃分的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。凡進(jìn)入國(guó)境的商品一律列為總進(jìn)口;凡離開國(guó)境的商品一律列為總出口。 在總出口中又包括本國(guó)產(chǎn)品的出口和未經(jīng)加工的進(jìn)口商品的出口。總進(jìn)口額加總出口額就是一國(guó)的總貿(mào)易額。美國(guó)、日本、英國(guó)、加拿大、澳大利亞、中國(guó)、原蘇聯(lián)、東歐等國(guó)采用這種劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
(two) specialized trade (Special Trade)
專門貿(mào)易是“總貿(mào)易”的對(duì)稱,是指以關(guān)境為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃分的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。只有從外國(guó)進(jìn)入關(guān)境的商品以及從保稅倉(cāng)庫(kù)存提出進(jìn)入關(guān)境的商品才列為專門進(jìn)口。當(dāng)外國(guó)商品進(jìn)入國(guó)境后,暫時(shí)存放在保稅倉(cāng)庫(kù),未進(jìn)入關(guān)境,不列為專門進(jìn)口。從國(guó)內(nèi)運(yùn)出關(guān)境的本國(guó)產(chǎn)品以及進(jìn)口后經(jīng)加工又運(yùn)出關(guān)境的商口,則列為專門出口。專門進(jìn)口額加專門出口額稱為專門貿(mào)易額。德國(guó)、意大利等國(guó)采用這種劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Direct trade and indirect trade
(1) direct trade (Direct Trade) Direct trade is the symmetry of "indirect trade". It refers to the direct sale of goods by commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries. (two) indirect trade (Indirect Trade) Indirect trade is the symmetry of "direct trade". It refers to the behavior of commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries buying and selling commodities through third countries. Among them, the producer country is indirect export, the consumer country is indirect import, and the third country is the indirect one. Transit. Entrepot Trade refers to trade between producers and consumers through third countries. Even if goods are directly pported from the country of production to the consumer countries, there is no direct paction between them. However, the pshipment relationship between the third country and the producer and consumer countries still belongs to the entrepot trade.
Visable Trade& Invisable Trade
(1) Visible Trade
有形貿(mào)易是“無形貿(mào)易”的對(duì)稱,指商品的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。由于商口是可以看得見的有形實(shí)物,故商品的進(jìn)出口被稱為有形進(jìn)出口,即有形貿(mào)易。國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的有形商品種類繁多,為便于統(tǒng)計(jì),聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書處于1950年起草了“聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類”,分別在1960年和1974年進(jìn)行了修訂。 在1974年的修訂本里,把國(guó)際貿(mào)易商品共分為10大類、63章、233組、786個(gè)分組和1924個(gè)基本項(xiàng)目。這10類商品分別為:食品及主要供食用的活動(dòng)物(0);飲料及煙類(1);燃料以外的非食用粗原料(2);礦物燃料、潤(rùn)滑油及有關(guān)原料(3);動(dòng)植物油脂及油脂(4);未列名化學(xué)品及有關(guān)產(chǎn)品(5);主要按原料分類的制成品(6);機(jī)械及運(yùn)輸設(shè)備(7);雜項(xiàng)制品(8);沒有分類的基他商品(9)。在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,一般把0到4類商品稱為初級(jí)產(chǎn)品,把5到8類商品稱為制成品。
(two) invisible trade (Invisible Trade)
無形貿(mào)易是“有形貿(mào)易”的對(duì)稱,指勞務(wù)或其他非實(shí)物商品的進(jìn)出口而發(fā)生的收入與支出。主要包括:(1)和商品進(jìn)出口有關(guān)的一切從屬費(fèi)用的收支,如運(yùn)輸費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)、商品加工費(fèi)、裝卸費(fèi)等;(2)和商品進(jìn)出口無關(guān)的其他收支,如國(guó)際旅游費(fèi)用、外交人員費(fèi)用、僑民匯款、使用專利特許權(quán)的費(fèi)用、國(guó)外投資匯回的股息和紅利、公司或個(gè)人在國(guó)外服務(wù)的收支等。以上各項(xiàng)中的收入,稱為“無形出口”;以上各項(xiàng)中的支出,稱為“無形進(jìn)口”。
Visible trade is due to customs clearance, so its amount is displayed in customs statistics of a country. Invisible trade is not processed by customs, and its amount is not reflected in customs statistics, but it is shown on the balance of payments table of a country.
Re export and re import
(I) re export (Re-export)
The re export refers to the unprocessed and exported products after the import of foreign commercial ports, also known as re exports. To a large extent, the re export is related to the re export trade.
(two) re import (Re-import)
Re import means that domestic goods are exported to foreign countries, and they are imported and imported without processing. Multiple imports are caused by casual reasons, such as export returns.
Terms of trade
貿(mào)易條件(Terms of Trade)又稱交換比價(jià)或貿(mào)易比價(jià),即出口價(jià)格與進(jìn)口價(jià)格之間的比率,也就是說一個(gè)單位的出口商品可以換回多少進(jìn)口商品。它是用出口價(jià)格指數(shù)與進(jìn)口價(jià)格指數(shù)來計(jì)算的。計(jì)算的公式為:出口價(jià)格指數(shù)/進(jìn)口價(jià)格指數(shù)X100。以一定時(shí)期為基期,先計(jì)算出基期的進(jìn)出口價(jià)格比率并作為100,再計(jì)算出比較期的進(jìn)出口價(jià)格比率,然后以之與基期相比,如大于100,表明貿(mào)易條件比基期有利;如小于100,則表明貿(mào)易條件比基期不利,交換效益劣于基期。
The direction of foreign trade and international trade
(1) geographical orientation of foreign trade
對(duì)外貿(mào)易地理方向又稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易地區(qū)分布或國(guó)別結(jié)構(gòu),是指一定時(shí)期內(nèi)各個(gè)國(guó)家或區(qū)域集團(tuán)在一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易中所占有的地位,通常以它們?cè)谠搰?guó)進(jìn)出口總額或進(jìn)口總額
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